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主に米国の日本研究者、歴史学者ら１８７人が連名で「日本の歴史家を支持する声明」と題する文書を５日に公表した。戦後７０年間の日本と近隣諸国の平和をたたえつつ、歴史解釈の問題が「世界から祝福」を受ける障害となっていると指摘。過去の過ちについて「偏見なき清算」を成果として残そうと呼びかける。
声明に名を連ねているのは米国に加えて英豪日などの大学も含んだ日本やアジア関連の研究者、歴史家ら。ハーバード大のアンドルー・ゴードン教授、同エズラ・ボーゲル名誉教授、同入江昭・名誉教授、マサチューセッツ工科大のジョン・ダワー名誉教授、英国のロナルド・ドーア氏ら世界的に大きな影響力を持つ学者も多く含まれる。３月にシカゴであったアジア研究協会会合での議論を機に、研究者のメール会議から生まれたという。
声明は「戦後日本が守ってきた民主主義、自衛隊への文民統制、警察権の節度ある運用と、政治的な寛容さ」などは「全てが世界の祝福に値する」と指摘。しかし、世界から祝福を受けるにあたって、「歴史解釈の問題」が障害になっている、と言及している。
歴史解釈、中でも慰安婦問題が日本だけでなく韓国、中国の「民族主義的暴言」でゆがめられたとする半面、「大勢の女性が自己の意思に反して拘束され、恐ろしい暴力にさらされたこと」は資料と証言で明らかだと指摘している。特定の用語に焦点をあて、狭い法律的議論や限定された資料にこだわるのは「より広い文脈を無視」していると述べている。
同時に日本政府に対し、今年は「過去の植民地支配と戦時における侵略の問題に立ち向かい、その指導力を見せる絶好の機会」と促し、問題の解決は「日本、東アジア、そして世界における男女同権に向けた歴史的な一歩となる」と結ぶ。
声明は英語と日本語で公表され、「いかなる組織や機関を代表したものではなく、署名した個々の研究者の総意」という。声明に賛同した入江名誉教授は「戦後日本が平和と人権を尊重してきたことは世界から評価されている。だからこそ過去の過ちを反省することが大切だと多くの歴史家は考えている」と話す。
（ニューヨーク＝真鍋弘樹）
米国の歴史研究者らが公表した声明の全文は次の通り。（原文のまま）
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歴史「偏見なき清算を」 米の日本研究者ら１８７人声明
日本の歴史家を支持する声明下記に署名した日本研究者は、日本の多くの勇気ある歴史家が、アジアでの第２次世界大戦に対する正確で公正な歴史を求めていることに対し、心からの賛意を表明するものであります。私たちの多くにとって、日本は研究の対象であるのみならず、第二の故郷でもあります。この声明は、日本と東アジアの歴史をいかに研究し、いかに記憶していくべきなのかについて、われわれが共有する関心から発せられたものです。
また、この声明は戦後７０年という重要な記念の年にあたり、日本とその隣国のあいだに７０年間守られてきた平和を祝うためのものでもあります。戦後日本が守ってきた民主主義、自衛隊への文民統制、警察権の節度ある運用と、政治的な寛容さは、日本が科学に貢献し他国に寛大な援助を行ってきたことと合わせ、全てが世界の祝福に値するものです。
しかし、これらの成果が世界から祝福を受けるにあたっては、障害となるものがあることを認めざるをえません。それは歴史解釈の問題であります。その中でも、争いごとの原因となっている最も深刻な問題のひとつに、いわゆる「慰安婦」制度の問題があります。この問題は、日本だけでなく、韓国と中国の民族主義的な暴言によっても、あまりにゆがめられてきました。そのために、政治家やジャーナリストのみならず、多くの研究者もまた、歴史学的な考察の究極の目的であるべき、人間と社会を支える基本的な条件を理解し、その向上にたえず努めるということを見失ってしまっているかのようです。
元「慰安婦」の被害者としての苦しみがその国の民族主義的な目的のために利用されるとすれば、それは問題の国際的解決をより難しくするのみならず、被害者自身の尊厳をさらに侮辱することにもなります。しかし、同時に、彼女たちの身に起こったことを否定したり、過小なものとして無視したりすることも、また受け入れることはできません。２０世紀に繰り広げられた数々の戦時における性的暴力と軍隊にまつわる売春のなかでも、「慰安婦」制度はその規模の大きさと、軍隊による組織的な管理が行われたという点において、そして日本の植民地と占領地から、貧しく弱い立場にいた若い女性を搾取したという点において、特筆すべきものであります。
「正しい歴史」への簡単な道はありません。日本帝国の軍関係資料のかなりの部分は破棄されましたし、各地から女性を調達した業者の行動はそもそも記録されていなかったかもしれません。しかし、女性の移送と「慰安所」の管理に対する日本軍の関与を明らかにする資料は歴史家によって相当発掘されていますし、被害者の証言にも重要な証拠が含まれています。確かに彼女たちの証言はさまざまで、記憶もそれ自体は一貫性をもっていません。しかしその証言は全体として心に訴えるものであり、また元兵士その他の証言だけでなく、公的資料によっても裏付けられています。
「慰安婦」の正確な数について、歴史家の意見は分かれていますが、恐らく、永久に正確な数字が確定されることはないでしょう。確かに、信用できる被害者数を見積もることも重要です。しかし、最終的に何万人であろうと何十万人であろうと、いかなる数にその判断が落ち着こうとも、日本帝国とその戦場となった地域において、女性たちがその尊厳を奪われたという歴史の事実を変えることはできません。
歴史家の中には、日本軍が直接関与していた度合いについて、女性が「強制的」に「慰安婦」になったのかどうかという問題について、異論を唱える方もいます。しかし、大勢の女性が自己の意思に反して拘束され、恐ろしい暴力にさらされたことは、既に資料と証言が明らかにしている通りです。特定の用語に焦点をあてて狭い法律的議論を重ねることや、被害者の証言に反論するためにきわめて限定された資料にこだわることは、被害者が被った残忍な行為から目を背け、彼女たちを搾取した非人道的制度を取り巻く、より広い文脈を無視することにほかなりません。
日本の研究者・同僚と同じように、私たちも過去のすべての痕跡を慎重に天秤に掛けて、歴史的文脈の中でそれに評価を下すことのみが、公正な歴史を生むと信じています。この種の作業は、民族やジェンダーによる偏見に染められてはならず、政府による操作や検閲、そして個人的脅迫からも自由でなければなりません。私たちは歴史研究の自由を守ります。そして、すべての国の政府がそれを尊重するよう呼びかけます。
多くの国にとって、過去の不正義を認めるのは、いまだに難しいことです。第２次世界大戦中に抑留されたアメリカの日系人に対して、アメリカ合衆国政府が賠償を実行するまでに４０年以上がかかりました。アフリカ系アメリカ人への平等が奴隷制廃止によって約束されたにもかかわらず、それが実際の法律に反映されるまでには、さらに１世紀を待たねばなりませんでした。人種差別の問題は今もアメリカ社会に深く巣くっています。米国、ヨーロッパ諸国、日本を含めた、１９・２０世紀の帝国列強の中で、帝国にまつわる人種差別、植民地主義と戦争、そしてそれらが世界中の無数の市民に与えた苦しみに対して、十分に取り組んだといえる国は、まだどこにもありません。
今日の日本は、最も弱い立場の人を含め、あらゆる個人の命と権利を価値あるものとして認めています。今の日本政府にとって、海外であれ国内であれ、第２次世界大戦中の「慰安所」のように、制度として女性を搾取するようなことは、許容されるはずがないでしょう。その当時においてさえ、政府の役人の中には、倫理的な理由からこれに抗議した人がいたことも事実です。しかし、戦時体制のもとにあって、個人は国のために絶対的な犠牲を捧げることが要求され、他のアジア諸国民のみならず日本人自身も多大な苦しみを被りました。だれも二度とそのような状況を経験するべきではありません。
今年は、日本政府が言葉と行動において、過去の植民地支配と戦時における侵略の問題に立ち向かい、その指導力を見せる絶好の機会です。４月のアメリカ議会演説において、安倍首相は、人権という普遍的価値、人間の安全保障の重要性、そして他国に与えた苦しみを直視する必要性について話しました。私たちはこうした気持ちを賞賛し、その一つ一つに基づいて大胆に行動することを首相に期待してやみません。
過去の過ちを認めるプロセスは民主主義社会を強化し、国と国のあいだの協力関係を養います。「慰安婦」問題の中核には女性の権利と尊厳があり、その解決は日本、東アジア、そして世界における男女同権に向けた歴史的な一歩となることでしょう。
私たちの教室では、日本、韓国、中国他の国からの学生が、この難しい問題について、互いに敬意を払いながら誠実に話し合っています。彼らの世代は、私たちが残す過去の記録と歩むほかないよう運命づけられています。性暴力と人身売買のない世界を彼らが築き上げるために、そしてアジアにおける平和と友好を進めるために、過去の過ちについて可能な限り全体的で、でき得る限り偏見なき清算を、この時代の成果として共に残そうではありませんか。
（署名、所属大学名は省略）
この声明は、２０１５年３月、シカゴで開催されたアジア研究協会（ＡＡＳ）定期年次大会のなかの公開フォーラムと、その後にメール会議の形で行われた日本研究者コミュニティ内の広範な議論によって生まれたものです。ここに表明されている意見は、いかなる組織や機関を代表したものではなく、署名した個々の研究者の総意にすぎません。
なお原文は以下のとおり。
Japan scholars in West issue statement calling for 'unbiased accounting' of past
May 07, 2015
BY HIROKI MANABE/ Correspondent
NEW YORK--Nearly 200 historians and other Japan scholars working mainly in the West have issued a statement calling for "as full and unbiased an accounting of past wrongs as possible" in this 70th anniversary year of the end of World War II.
Titled "Open letter in support of historians in Japan," the statement released on May 5 is signed by 187 scholars working in the United States, Britain, Australia and Japan.
The signers include some of the biggest names in Japan studies, such as Andrew Gordon, a Harvard University professor; Ezra Vogel, a Harvard professor emeritus; John Dower, professor emeritus at Massachusetts Institute of Technology; and Ronald Dore of Britain.
The statement was triggered by discussions held at the Association for Asian Studies annual meeting held in Chicago in March. Subsequent discussions over the Internet led to the eventual statement.
While the statement praises the peaceful relations Japan has enjoyed with its neighbors over the past 70 years, it also states that historical interpretation can "pose an impediment to celebrating" the many achievements made by Japan since the end of the war, including its "history of democracy, civilian control of the military, police restraint, and political tolerance."
The signers also raise concerns about the problems that have emerged in not only Japan, but also China and South Korea over the issue of "comfort women" who were forced to provide sex to wartime Japanese soldiers.
The statement says the issue has been "distorted by nationalist invective," but goes on to say that documentary evidence has made clear "that large numbers of women were held against their will and subjected to horrific brutality."
It goes on to say "employing legalistic arguments ... or isolated documents ... ignores the larger context of the inhumane system that exploited them."
The statement says this year provides the Japanese government an opportunity "to show leadership by addressing Japan's history of colonial rule and wartime aggression."
Resolving the issue "would be a historic step toward the equality of women and men in Japan, East Asia and the world."
The statement was released in both English and Japanese and clarifies that "it represents the opinions only of those who have signed it and not of any organization or institution."
Akira Iriye, a professor emeritus at Harvard who is one of the signers, said: "Japan has been praised by the world for its respect for peace and human rights after the war. That is the reason why many historians believe it is important to reflect on the mistakes of the past."
* * *
Open letter in support of historians in Japan
The undersigned scholars of Japanese studies express our unity with the many courageous historians in Japan seeking an accurate and just history of World War II in Asia. Because Japan is a second home as well as a field of research for many of us, we write with a shared concern for the way that the history of Japan and East Asia is studied and commemorated.
In this important commemorative year, we also write to celebrate seventy years of peace between Japan and its neighbors. Postwar Japan’s history of democracy, civilian control of the military, police restraint, and political tolerance, together with contributions to science and generous aid to other countries, are all things to celebrate as well.
Yet problems of historical interpretation pose an impediment to celebrating these achievements. One of the most divisive historical issues is the so-called “comfort women” system. This issue has become so distorted by nationalist invective in Japan as well as in Korea and China that many scholars, along with journalists and politicians, have lost sight of the fundamental goal of historical inquiry, which should be to understand the human condition and aspire to improve it.
Exploitation of the suffering of former “comfort women” for nationalist ends in the countries of the victims makes an international resolution more difficult and further insults the dignity of the women themselves. Yet denying or trivializing what happened to them is equally unacceptable. Among the many instances of wartime sexual violence and military prostitution in the twentieth century, the “comfort women” system was distinguished by its large scale and systematic management under the military, and by its exploitation of young, poor, and vulnerable women in areas colonized or occupied by Japan.
There is no easy path to a “correct history.” Much of the archive of the Japanese imperial military was destroyed. The actions of local procurers who provided women to the military may never have been recorded. But historians have unearthed numerous documents demonstrating the military’s involvement in the transfer of women and oversight of brothels. Important evidence also comes from the testimony of victims.
Although their stories are diverse and affected by the inconsistencies of memory, the aggregate record they offer is compelling and supported by official documents as well as by the accounts of soldiers and others.
Historians disagree over the precise number of “comfort women,” which will probably never be known for certain. Establishing sound estimates of victims is important. But ultimately, whether the numbers are judged to have been in the tens of thousands or the hundreds of thousands will not alter the fact of the exploitation carried out throughout the Japanese empire and its war zones.
Some historians also dispute how directly the Japanese military was involved, and whether women were coerced to become “comfort women.” Yet the evidence makes clear that large numbers of women were held against their will and subjected to horrific brutality. Employing legalistic arguments focused on particular terms or isolated documents to challenge the victims’ testimony both misses the fundamental issue of their brutalization and ignores the larger context of the inhumane system that exploited them.
Like our colleagues in Japan, we believe that only careful weighing and contextual evaluation of every trace of the past can produce a just history. Such work must resist national and gender bias, and be free from government manipulation, censorship, and private intimidation. We defend the freedom of historical inquiry, and we call upon all governments to do the same.
Many countries still struggle to acknowledge past injustices. It took over forty years for the United States government to compensate Japanese-Americans for their internment during World War II. The promise of equality for African Americans was not realized in U.S. law until a century after the abolition of slavery, and the reality of racism remains ingrained in American society. None of the imperial powers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including the United States, the European nations, and Japan, can claim to have sufficiently reckoned with their histories of racism, colonialism, and war, or with the suffering they inflicted on countless civilians around the world.
Japan today values the life and rights of every individual, including the most vulnerable. The Japanese government would not tolerate the exploitation of women in a system like the military “comfort stations” now, either overseas or at home. Even at the time, some officials protested on moral grounds. But the wartime regime compelled absolute sacrifice of the individual to serve the state, causing great suffering to the Japanese people themselves as well as to other Asians. No one should have to suffer such conditions again.
This year presents an opportunity for the government of Japan to show leadership by addressing Japan’s history of colonial rule and wartime aggression in both words and action. In his April address to the U.S. Congress, Prime Minister Abe spoke of the universal value of human rights, of the importance of human security, and of facing the suffering that Japan caused other countries. We applaud these sentiments and urge the prime minister to act boldly on all of them.
The process of acknowledging past wrongs strengthens a democratic society and fosters cooperation among nations. Since the equal rights and dignity of women lie at the core of the “comfort women” issue, its resolution would be a historic step toward the equality of women and men in Japan, East Asia and the world.
In our classrooms, students from Japan, Korea, China and elsewhere discuss these difficult issues with mutual respect and probity. Their generation will live with the record of the past that we bequeath them. To help them build a world free of sexual violence and human trafficking, and to promote peace and friendship in Asia, we must leave as full and unbiased an accounting of past wrongs as possible.
SIGNED,
Daniel Aldrich, Professor of Political Science, Purdue University.
Jeffrey Alexander, Associate Professor of History, University of Wisconsin-Parkside.
Anne Allison, Professor of Cultural Anthropology, Duke University.
Marnie Anderson, Associate Professor of History, Smith College.
E. Taylor Atkins, Presidential Teaching Professor of History, Northern Illinois University.
Paul D. Barclay, Associate Professor of History and Asian Studies Program Chair, Lafayette College.
Jan Bardsley, Associate Professor of Asian Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
James R. Bartholomew, Professor, Department of History, The Ohio State University.
Brett de Bary, Professor, Asian Studies and Comparative Literature, Cornell University.
Michael Baskett, Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Film and Media Studies, University of Kansas.
Alan Baumler, Professor of History, Indiana University of Pennsylvania.
Alexander R. Bay, Associate Professor, History Department, Chapman University.
Theodore C. Bestor, Professor of Social Anthropology, Harvard University.
Victoria Bestor, Director of the North American Coordinating Council on Japanese Library Resources.
Davinder Bhowmik, Associate Professor of Asian Languages and Literature, University of Washington.
Herbert Bix, Professor Emeritus of History and Sociology, Binghamton University.
Daniel Botsman, Professor of History, Yale University.
Michael Bourdaghs, Professor of Japanese Literature, East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Chicago.
Thomas Burkman, Research Professor of Asian Studies Emeritus, SUNY Buffalo.
Susan L. Burns, Associate Professor of History, East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Chicago.
Eric Cazdyn, Distinguished Professor of Aesthetics and Politics, Department of East Asian Studies & Centre for Comparative Literature, University of Toronto.
Parks M. Coble, Professor of History, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
Haruko Taya Cook, Instructor of Languages and Cultures, William Paterson University.
Theodore F. Cook, Professor of History, William Paterson University.
Bruce Cumings, Professor of History, University of Chicago.
Katarzyna Cwiertka, Professor of Modern Japanese Studies, Universiteit Leiden.
Charo D'Etcheverry, Associate Professor of Japanese Literature, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Eric Dinmore, Associate Professor of History, Hampden-Sydney College.
Lucia Dolce, Chair, Centre for the Study of Japanese Religions, University of London, SOAS.
Ronald P. Dore, Honorary Fellow, London School of Economics.
John W. Dower, Professor Emeritus of History, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Mark Driscoll, Professor of East Asian Studies, UNC, Chapel Hill.
Prasenjit Duara, Raffles Professor of Humanities, National University of Singapore.
Alexis Dudden, Professor of History, University of Connecticut.
Martin Dusinberre, Professor of Global History, University of Zurich.
Peter Duus, Professor of History (Emeritus), Stanford University.
Steve Ericson, Associate Professor of History, Dartmouth College.
Elyssa Faison, Associate Professor, University of Oklahoma.
Norma Field, Professor Emerita of East Asian Studies, University of Chicago.
W. Miles Fletcher, Professor of History, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Petrice R. Flowers, Associate Professor Political Science, University of Hawaii.
Joshua A. Fogel, Professor of History, York University, Toronto.
Sarah Frederick, Associate Professor of Japanese and Comparative Literature, Boston University.
Dennis J. Frost, Wen Chao Chen Associate Professor of East Asian Studies, Kalamazoo College.
Sabine Fruhstuck, Professor of Modern Japanese Cultural Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara.
James Fujii, Associate Professor, East Asian Languages and Literatures, University of California, Irvine.
Takashi Fujitani, Professor of History, University of Toronto.
Sheldon M. Garon, Professor of History and East Asian Studies, Princeton University.
Timothy S. George, Professor of History, University of Rhode Island.
Christopher Gerteis, Chair, Japan Research Centre, SOAS, University of London.
Carol Gluck, Professor of History, Columbia University.
Andrew Gordon, Professor of History, Harvard University.
Helen Hardacre, Professor of Religions and Society, Harvard University.
Harry Harootunian, Emeritus Professor of History, New York University; Adjunct Professor of Japanese History, Columbia University.
Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Professor of History, University of California at Santa Barbara.
Akiko Hashimoto, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Pittsburgh.
Sally A. Hastings, Associate Professor of History, Purdue University.
Tom Havens, Professor of History, Northeastern University.
Kenji Hayao, Associate Professor, Political Science Department, Boston College.
Laura Hein, Professor of History, Northwestern University.
Robert Hellyer, Associate Professor of History, Wake Forest College.
Manfred Henningsen, Professor of Political Science, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Christopher L. Hill, Assistant Professor of Japanese Literature, University of Michigan.
Katsuya Hirano, Associate Professor of History, UCLA.
David L. Howell, Professor of Japanese History, Harvard University.
Douglas Howland, Professor of History, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
James L. Huffman, H. Orth Hirt Professor of History Emeritus, Wittenberg University.
Janet Hunter, Saji Professor of Economic History, London School of Economics and Political Science.
Akira Iriye, Professor Emeritus, Harvard University.
Rebecca Jennison, Professor, Department of Humanities, Kyoto Seika University.
William Johnston, Professor of History, Wesleyan University.
John Junkerman, Documentary Filmmaker.
Ikumi Kaminishi, Associate Professor of Art and Art History, Tufts University.
Ken Kawashima, Associate Professor of East Asian Studies, University of Toronto.
William W. Kelly, Professor of Anthropology, Yale University.
James Ketelaar, Professor of History, University of Chicago.
R. Keller Kimbrough, Associate Professor, University of Colorado at Boulder.
Miriam Kingsberg, Assistant Professor of History, University of Colorado.
Jeff Kingston, Director of Asian Studies and Professor of History, Temple University Japan.
Victor Koschmann, Professor of History, Cornell University.
Emi Koyama, Independent Scholar, Japan-U.S. Feminist Network for Decolonization (FeND).
Ellis S. Krauss, Professor Emeritus, University of California, San Diego.
Josef Kreiner, Professor Emeritus, Rheinische Freidrich-Wilhelms Universitaet Bonn.
Shigehisa Kuriyama, Reischauer Institute Professor of Cultural History, Harvard University.
Peter Kuznick, Professor of History and Director, Nuclear Studies Institute, American University.
Thomas Lamarre, James McGill Professor, East Asian Studies , Art History and Communications Studies, McGill University.
Andrew Levidis, Fellow, Reischauer Institute, Harvard University.
Ilse Lenz, Professor Emeritus of Sociology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany.
Mark Lincicome, Associate Professor, Department of History, College of the Holy Cross.
Sepp Linhart, Professor Emeritus of Japanese Studies and Sociology, University of Vienna.
Yukio Lippit, Professor of History of Art and Architecture, Harvard University.
Angus Lockyer, Lecturer in the History of Japan, Department of History, SOAS, University of London.
Susan Orpett Long, Professor of Anthropology, John Carroll University.
David B. Lurie, Associate Professor of Japanese History and Literature, Columbia University.
Vera Mackie, Professor of Asian Studies, University of Wollongong.
Wolfram Manzenreiter, Professor of Japanese Studies, University of Vienna.
William Marotti, Associate Professor of History, UCLA.
Y. Tak Matsusaka, Professor of History, Wellesley College.
Trent Maxey, Associate Professor of Asian Languages and Civilizations and History, Amherst College.
James L. McClain Professor of History, Brown University.
Gavan McCormack, Professor Emeritus of History, Australian National University.
Melissa McCormick, Professor, Harvard University.
David McNeill, Journalist and Professor, Sophia University.
Mark Metzler, Professor of History, University of Texas at Austin.
Ian J. Miller, Professor of History, Harvard University.
Laura Miller, Ei’ichi Shibusawa-Seigo Arai Endowed Professor of Japanese Studies, University of Missouri-St. Louis.
Janis Mimura, Associate Professor, State University of New York, Stony Brook.
Richard H. Minear, Professor of History (Emeritus), University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Yuki Miyamoto, Associate Professor of Religious Studies, DePaul University.
Barbara Molony, Professor of History, Santa Clara University.
Yumi Moon, Associate Professor of History, Stanford.
Aaron Moore, Lecturer in East Asian History, The University of Manchester.
Tessa Morris-Suzuki, Professor of Japanese History, Australian National University.
Aurelia George Mulgan, Professor of Japanese Politics, University of New South Wales.
R. Taggart Murphy, Professor, International Political Economy, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo Campus.
Tetsuo Najita, Professor Emeritus of History, University of Chicago.
Miri Nakamura, Associate Professor of Japanese Literature, College of East Asian Studies, Wesleyan University.
John Nathan, Takashima Professor of Japanese Cultural Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara.
Christopher Nelson, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Satoko Oka Norimatsu, Editor, Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus.
Markus Nornes, Professor of Asian Cinema, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
David Tobaru Obermiller, Associate Professor, Department of History & Japanese Studies Program, Gustavus Adolphus College.
Eiko Otake, Visiting artist, Wesleyan University.
Simon Partner, Professor of History, Duke University.
T.J. Pempel, Jack M. Forcey Professor of Political Science for Study of East Asian Politics, University of California, Berkeley.
Matthew Penney, Associate Professor, Concordia University.
Samuel E. Perry, Associate Professor of East Asian Studies, Brown University.
Catherine Phipps, Associate Professor, University of Memphis.
Leslie Pincus, Associate Professor of History, University of Michigan.
Morgan Pitelka, Associate Professor and Director of the Carolina Asia Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Janet Poole, Associate Professor of East Asian Studies, University of Toronto.
Roger Pulvers, Author and Translator, Sydney, Australia.
Steve Rabson, Professor Emeritus of East Asian Studies, Brown University.
Fabio Rambelli, Chair, Department of East Asian Languages and Cultural Studies and Professor of Japanese Religions and Cultural History, University of California, Santa Barbara.
Mark Ravina, Professor of History, Emory University.
Steffi Richter, Professor of East Asian Studies, Universitaet Leipzig.
Luke Roberts, Professor of History, University of California Santa Barbara.
Jennifer Robertson, Professor of Anthropology and History of Art, University of Michigan.
Jay Rubin, Professor Emeritus, Harvard University.
Ken Ruoff, Professor of History and Director of the Center for Japanese Studies, Portland State University.
Jordan Sand, Professor of History, Georgetown University.
Wesley Sasaki-Uemura, Associate Professor of Japanese History, University of Utah.
Ellen Schattschneider, Associate Professor of Anthropology and Women’s, Gender and Sexuality Studies, Brandeis University.
Andre Schmid, Associate Professor of East Asian Studies, University of Toronto.
Amanda C. Seaman, Associate Professor of Japanese and Director of Comparative Literature, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Ethan Segal, Associate Professor of History, Michigan State University.
Wolfgang Seifert, Professor Emeritus of Japanese Studies, University of Heidelberg.
Mark Selden, Senior Research Associate, Cornell University; Editor, Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus.
Franziska Seraphim, Associate Professor of History, Boston College.
Sayuri Guthrie Shimizu, Professor of History, Rice University.
Eiko Maruko Siniawer, Associate Professor of History, Williams College.
Patricia Sippel, Professor, Toyo Eiwa University.
Richard Smethurst, Professor Emeritus of History, University of Pittsburgh.
Kerry Smith, Associate Professor of History, Brown University.
Daniel Sneider, Associate Director for Research, Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center, Stanford University.
M. William Steele, Professor of History, International Christian University.
Brigitte Steger, Senior Lecturer in Modern Japanese Studies, University of Cambridge.
Stefan Tanaka, Professor of Communication, University of California, San Diego.
Alan Tansman, Professor of Japanese Literature, University of California Berkeley.
Sarah Thal, Associate Professor of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Michael F. Thies, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, UCLA.
Mark Tilton, Associate Professor of Political Science, Purdue University.
Julia Adeney Thomas, Associate Professor of History, University of Notre Dame.
John Whittier Treat, Emeritus Professor, Yale University; Professor, Ewha Womans University.
Hitomi Tonomura, Professor of History, University of Michigan.
Jun Uchida, Associate Professor of History, Stanford University.
J. Keith Vincent, Associate Professor of Japanese and Comparative Literature, Boston University.
Stephen Vlastos, Professor of History, University of Iowa.
Ezra F. Vogel, Professor Emeritus, Harvard University.
Klaus Vollmer, Professor of Japanese Studies, LMU Munich University.
Anne Walthall, Professor Emerita of History, University of California, Irvine.
Max Ward, Assistant Professor of History, Middlebury College.
Lori Watt, Associate Professor of History, Washington University in St. Louis.
Gennifer Weisenfeld, Professor, Duke University.
Michael Wert, Associate Professor, Marquette University.
Kären Wigen, Professor of History, Stanford University.
Tomomi Yamaguchi, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Montana State University.
Samuel H. Yamashita, Henry E. Sheffield Professor of History, Pomona College.
Daqing Yang, Associate Professor, George Washington University.
Christine Yano, Professor of Anthropology, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Marcia Yonemoto, Associate Professor of History, University of Colorado Boulder.
Lisa Yoneyama, Professor of East Asian Studies, University of Toronto.
Theodore Jun Yoo, Associate Professor of History, University of Hawaii.
Takashi Yoshida, Professor, Western Michigan University.
Louise Young, Professor of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Eve Zimmerman, Barbara Morris Caspersen Associate Professor of Humanities & Associate Professor of Japanese, Wellesley University.
Reinhard Zoellner, Professor of Japanese and Korean Studies, University of Bonn.
This statement emerged from an open forum held at the Association for Asian Studies annual meeting held in Chicago during March 2015, and from subsequent discussions on line among a wide range of Japan scholars. It represents the opinions only of those who have signed it and not of any organization or institution.
BY HIROKI MANABE/ Correspondent
